Posted on by Mrs. Asra Tabassum

HMCS: COMMUNICATION SOFT SKILLS

HMCS: COMMUNICATION SOFT SKILLS

SECTION-A

  1. Write a brief definition of Communication.

Meaning:

  • The act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or  behaviours to  express or exchange information or to  express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc.,  to someone else.
  • A message that is given to someone: a letter, telephone call, etc.
  • The ways of sending information to people by using technology.

DEFINITION:

                   “Communication is the process by which information is transmitted between individuals and/or organizations so that an understanding response results”.

According to Newman and Summer,

                     “It is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons”.

  1. What is Non Verbal Communication?

Non-verbal communication consists of all the messages other than words that are used in communication.

Nonverbal communication entails communicating by sending and receiving wordless messages. These messages usually reinforce verbal communication, but they can also convey thoughts and feelings on their own.

  • Give two examples of polite expressions: 1. Apology 2. Agreement
  • Apology 2. Agreement

Apology: An apology is something that you say or write in order to tell someone that you are sorry to hurt or trouble them. It is also an expression of regret for not being able to do something.

Expressions for Apology:

  1. I apologize for …
  2. I am sorry for ….
  3. It’s all my fault…
  4. Excuse me for ….

Agreement: Agreement means the act of coming to a mutual understanding between two or more persons. It is a meeting of the minds for a common settlement. Based on the agreement done, the task is accomplished.

Expressions for agreement:

  1. I agree with you entirely….
  2. I am of the same opinion…
  3. That’s exactly what I think…
  4. I absolutely agree with you ….
  • Explain Travel Etiquette.

Etiquette refers to guidelines which control the way a responsible individual should behave in the society. Travel etiquettes are guidelines to abide by when traveling to new places that may have different cultures, views, and common behaviors. It’s important to research these before traveling.

  • What is Group Communication?

Group Communication: Groups communication is interaction and exchange of information between people who are a member of a group.

In an hotel /organization, it may be defined as the mode by which the employees and employers, team members communicate with each other.

  • What is Skimming in Reading skills?

Skimming can be defined as a type of reading in which the reader reads the text quickly to have an idea of the concept, subject matter, main points and gist, without paying close attention to the excessive detail.

skimming is speed reading for cursory overview for general information. Going through an entire newspaper quickly through the headlines, going through a data-table quickly to elicit an overall idea of the topic on which data is presented are examples of skimming.

  • what is effective communication?

Effective Communication is defined as the ability to convey information to others effectively and efficiently. Hotel managers with good verbal, nonverbal and written communication skills help facilitate the sharing of information between people within an hotel for its commercial benefit.

  • What is Seminar?

A seminar may be defined as a gathering of people for the purpose of discussing a stated topic. Such gatherings are usually interactive sessions where the participants engage in discussions about the delineated topic. The sessions are usually headed or led by one or two presenters who serve to steer the discussion along the desired path.

  • what is face to face conversation?

Face-to-face interaction is defined as the mutual influence of individuals’ direct physical presence with his/her body language.[2] Face-to-face interaction is one of the basic elements of the social system, forming a significant part of individual socialization and experience gaining throughout one’s lifetime.

  • What is Reading Skills

Reading is an essential activity in our daily life. It is done with a purpose. Generally we read either for information or to seek pleasure. Reading is an interactive process that goes on between the reader and the text, resulting in comprehension. The text presents letters, words, sentences, and paragraphs that encode meaning. The reader uses knowledge, skills, and strategies to determine what that meaning is.

  1. What do you mean by Self-Esteem

Self-esteem is how we value and perceive ourselves. Self-esteem is your overall opinion of yourself, and your beliefs about your abilities and limitations. Self-esteem is shaped by your thoughts, relationships, and experiences, including those related to culture, religion, and societal status. 

  1. Write about the usage of First Name.

First name: first name is also  known as forename.  It is the part of a personal name  that was given to a person when he was born 

First name comes before your family name.

Usage of First Name:

It important to know the name of your guest because it’s an indication that you have paid attention to them.  Using a person’s name makes them feel important and validated.

  1. Write polite expressions for agreement and disagreement.

Agreement: Agreement means the act of coming to a mutual understanding between two or more persons. It is a meeting of the minds for a common settlement. Based on the agreement done, the task is accomplished.

Expressions for agreement:

  • I agree with you entirely….
  • I am of the same opinion…
  • That’s exactly what I think…
  • I absolutely agree with you ….

Disagreement:  Disagreement is the failure of mutual understanding between the parties. Difference of opinion and refusal of ideas is seen here. There will not be any settlement and thus, task can’t be achieved.

Expressions for disagreement:

  1. I don’t agree with you…
  2. I’m sorry, but I disagree…
  3. I’m afraid, I can’t agree with you..
  4. I am of a different opinion because…
  1. What is face to face Conversation?

Face-to-face interaction is defined as the mutual influence of individuals’ direct physical presence with his/her body language.[2] Face-to-face interaction is one of the basic elements of the social system, forming a significant part of individual socialization and experience gaining throughout one’s lifetime.

  1. What is Scanning in Reading skills?

In scanning, you look only for a specific fact or piece of information without reading everything. You scan when you look for your favorite show listed in the cable guide, for your friend’s phone number in a telephone book, and for the sports scores in the newspaper. For scanning to be successful, you need to understand how your material is structured as well as comprehend what you read so you can locate the specific information you need. Scanning also allows you to find details and other information in a hurry.

  1. What is listening skill?

Listening skills are skills that contribute to your ability to accurately receive information when communicating with others.  Listening requires the ability to decode and interpret verbal messages and nonverbal cues. 

  1. What is interpersonal communication?

Interpersonal communication involves the information, ideas, and feelings being exchanged verbally or non-verbally between two or more people. Interpersonal communication involves the information, ideas, and feelings being exchanged verbally or non-verbally between two or more people. 

  1. What is formal communication?

Definition: The Formal Communication is the exchange of official information that flows along the different levels of the organizational hierarchy and conforms to the prescribed professional rules, policy, standards, processes and regulations of the organization.

  1. Define medium of communication?

In the communication process, a medium is a channel or system of communication—the means by which information (the message) is transmitted between a speaker or writer (the sender) and an audience (the receiver). The plural form is media, and the term is also known as a channel. The medium used to send a message may range from an individual’s voice, writing, clothing, and body language to forms of mass communication such as newspapers, television, and the internet.

  1. What is the purpose of a resume?

The purpose of a resume is to provide a concise summary of an individual’s education, work experience, skills, achievements, and qualifications. Resumes are typically used when applying for jobs, internships, educational programs, volunteer opportunities, or other opportunities where a formal application or introduction is required.

SECTION-B

II. ANSWER ANY FIVE OUT OF EIGHT QUESTIONS                                                                5X6 = 30

  • What is Seminar? Discuss its types.

MEANING:

A seminar is a group meeting led by an expert that focuses on a specific topic or discipline, such as business, job searches or a university field such as literature. Seminars typically take place over the course of a few days and involve cooperative discussion, multiple speakers and opportunities to share perspectives and issues related to the topic. Attending a seminar has numerous benefits, including improving communication skills, gaining expert knowledge, networking with others and renewing motivation and confidence.

DEFENATION:

A seminar may be defined as a gathering of people for the purpose of discussing a stated topic. Such gatherings are usually interactive sessions where the participants engage in discussions about the delineated topic. The sessions are usually headed or led by one or two presenters who serve to steer the discussion along the desired path.

TYPES OF SEMINARS

Live Seminars

Live seminars are presentations in various areas of practice with actual presenters following a published schedule.  Live seminars provide opportunities for interaction with the faculty members considered experts in the subject area, and time for Q & A is generally built into the seminar schedule.  Live seminars are most often conducted at the Phoenix Convention Center in downtown Phoenix.

Video Replay

A video replay is a scheduled replay of a live presentation.  For each scheduled replay there is a live moderator that is present for part of or the entire seminar to make the replay eligible for interactive CLE credit.

Live Webcast

Live webcasts are presentations in various areas of practice with actual presenters in a live studio setting.  Attendees participate via a web portal on their computer.  These seminars are presented live at the scheduled time, and provide an opportunity through a link to submit questions to the presenter/s.  CLE West webcasts are usually 5-7 hours in length and are a great way to get your CLE credits without having to leave your desk.

Before you participate in a webcast, it is important that you make sure you have the proper software and hardware requirements.

Webinar

Live webinars are presentations in various areas of practice with actual presenters in a live studio setting that are offered online only.  Attendees participate via a web portal on their computer.  These seminars are presented live at the scheduled time, and provide an opportunity through a link to submit questions to the presenter/s.  CLE West webcasts are usually 1-3 hours in length and are a great way to get your CLE credits without having to leave your desk.

Before you participate in a webinar, it is important that you make sure you have the proper software and hardware requirements.

On Demand

On-demand seminars are recorded presentations of live webcasts, webinars, and seminars that you can watch at your leisure.  Resource materials typically accompany these programs.  On-demand seminars do have viewing expiration dates, so be sure to take not of the date of purchase of any on-demand program.  The State Bar of Arizona does grant interactive CLE credit for on-demand programs and Arizona attorneys may earn up to 15 credits per reporting period by viewing on-demand seminars, as defined by the MCLE rules and regulations.

  • Explain types of listening skills.

Listening skills are skills that contribute to your ability to accurately receive information when communicating with others.  Listening requires the ability to decode and interpret verbal messages and nonverbal cues. 

Types of Listening

 The four types of listening are appreciative, empathic, comprehensive, and critical. Familiarize with these different types of listening strengthen and improve your ability to critically think and evaluate what you have heard.

1.      Appreciative Listening

When you listen for appreciation you are listening for enjoyment. Think about the music you listen to. You usually listen to music because you enjoy it. The same can be said for appreciative listening when someone is speaking. Some common types of appreciative listening can be found in sermons from places of worship, from a motivational speech by people we respect or hold in high regard, or even from a standup comedian who makes us laugh.

2.      Empathic Listening

When you listen empathically you are doing so to show mutual concern. During this type of listening you are trying to identify with the speaker by understanding the situation in which he/she is discussing. You are stepping into the other’s shoes to get a better understanding of what it is he/she is talking about. Usually during this type of listening you want to be fully present in the moment or mindfully listening to what the speaker is saying. Your goal during this time is to focus on the speaker, not on yourself. You are trying to understand from the speaker’s perspective.

3.      Comprehensive Listening

If you are watching the news, listening to a lecture, or getting directions from someone, you are listening to understand or listening to comprehend the message that is being sent. This process is active. In class, you should be focused, possibly taking notes of the speaker’s main ideas. Identifying the structure of the speech and evaluating the supports he/she offers as evidence. This is one of the more difficult types of listening because it requires you to not only concentrate but to actively participate in the process. The more you practice listening to comprehend, the stronger listener you become.

4.      Critical Listening

Have you ever had to buy an expensive item, such as a new appliance, a car, a cell phone, or an iPad? You probably did some research beforehand and listened closely to the salesperson when you went to compare brands. Or perhaps your best friend is telling you about some medical tests he/she recently had done. You listen closely so you can help your friend understand her results and the possible ramifications of the findings. Both of these scenarios are examples of critical listening. Critical listening is listening to evaluate the content of the message. As a critical listener you are listening to all parts of the message, analyzing it, and evaluating what you heard. When engaging in critical listening, you are also critically thinking. You are making mental judgments based on what you see, hear, and read. Your goal as a critical listener is to evaluate the message that is being sent and decide for yourself if the information is valid.

  • Explain in detail the process of communication.

 “Communication is the process by which information is transmitted between individuals and/or organizations so that an understanding response results”.

According to Newman and Summer,

           “It is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons”.

Communication Process

The communication is a dynamic process that begins with the conceptualizing of ideas by the sender who then transmits the message through a channel to the receiver, who in turn gives the feedback in the form of some message or signal within the given time frame. Thus, there are Seven major elements of communication process:

  1. Sender: The sender or the communicator is the person who initiates the conversation and has conceptualized the idea that he intends to convey it to others.
  2. Encoding: The sender begins with the encoding process wherein he uses certain words or non-verbal methods such as symbols, signs, body gestures, etc. to translate the information into a message. The sender’s knowledge, skills, perception, background, competencies, etc. has a great impact on the success of the message.
  3. Message: Once the encoding is finished, the sender gets the message that he intends to convey. The message can be written, oral, symbolic or non-verbal such as body gestures, silence, sighs, sounds, etc. or any other signal that triggers the response of a receiver.
  4. Communication Channel: The Sender chooses the medium through which he wants to convey his message to the recipient. It must be selected carefully in order to make the message effective and correctly interpreted by the recipient. The choice of medium depends on the interpersonal relationships between the sender and the receiver and also on the urgency of the message being sent. Oral, virtual, written, sound, gesture, etc. are some of the commonly used communication mediums.
  5. Receiver: The receiver is the person for whom the message is intended or targeted. He tries to comprehend it in the best possible manner such that the communication objective is attained. The degree to which the receiver decodes the message depends on his knowledge of the subject matter, experience, trust and relationship with the sender.
  6. Decoding: Here, the receiver interprets the sender’s message and tries to understand it in the best possible manner. An effective communication occurs only if the receiver understands the message in exactly the same way as it was intended by the sender.
  7. Feedback: The Feedback is the final step of the process that ensures the receiver has received the message and interpreted it correctly as it was intended by the sender. It increases the effectiveness of the communication as it permits the sender to know the efficacy of his message. The response of the receiver can be verbal or non-verbal.
    1. Write a letter to the H.R manager, The Park enquiring about vacancies for a chef.

Asra Tabassum

Secunderabad

Dated: 29th April 2024.

Human Resources Department

 The Park

Hyderabad

Dear Sandeep,

I am writing to inquire about any current or upcoming vacancies for a Chef position at The Park. I am enthusiastic about the prospect of joining your team and contributing my culinary skills and expertise to your establishment.

I have a passion for cooking and have honed my skills through hands-on experience in various culinary settings. I am confident in my ability to create delicious and visually appealing dishes that will delight your guests.

I am particularly impressed by The Park’s commitment to culinary excellence and dedication to providing exceptional dining experiences. I am eager to be a part of your team and contribute to the success of your restaurant.

Please let me know if there are any opportunities available for a Chef position at The Park. I am available for an interview at your convenience and can provide references upon request.

Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Sincerely,

Asra Tabassum

  • Write your resume for applying to a post of Executive House Keeper in 5 star hotel.

Connie Lindsly
(123) 456-7890
myemail@example.com
123 Main Street, Santa Fe, NM 12345

Profile

A professional housekeeper with entry-level experience specializing in residential house cleaning, relationship building, communication, and sanitation. Adept at performing cleaning projects for clients, organizing furniture, and maintaining a clean and welcoming environment.

Professional Experience

Housekeeper, Las Cruces Maid Service, Las Cruces, NM
October 2021 – present

  • Deliver residential cleaning services to over 50 homes, ensure compliance with quality standards and safety protocols for cleaning solutions, and achieve a 91% customer satisfaction rating
  • Organize furniture, laundry, and home appliances in alignment with client specifications, perform deep cleaning of floors, walls, and surfaces, and build long-term client relationships
  • Utilize appropriate cleaning solutions to prevent damage to materials, ensure compliance with safety standards, and achieve a 95% on-time completion rate

Key Skills

  • Communication
  • Housekeeping
  • Project management
  • Residential cleaning
  • Sanitation

Education

BHM (Bachelor in Hotel Management) – Sun Institute of Hotel Management

  • Who is a Public Relation Officer? What are his duties in a hotel?

Public Relations

Public relations describes the various methods a company uses to spread messages about its products, services, or overall image to its customers, employees, stockholders, suppliers. The point of public relations is to make the public think favorably about the company and its offerings. Public relations involves two-way communication between an organization and its public. Commonly used tools of public relations include news releases, press conferences, speaking engagements, and community service programs.

Public Relation Officer (PRO)

A public relation officer (PRO) is a person in an organization responsible for public relations activities. A PRO is highly required for an organization for the purpose of building rapport with customers, investors, voters, general public as well as organization employees.

Public relations officers use a wide range of media to build and sustain a good image for a company, organisation or brand through planned publicity campaigns and PR activity.

 

Duties of a public relations officer:

Public relations officers are responsible for managing the reputation of a company. You’ll write press releases, deal with press enquiries, and sometimes manage crises. Your job could include:

  • Planning PR campaigns and strategies
  • Monitoring the public and media’s opinion of your client or employer
  • writing and editing leaflets, brochures, press releases, speeches, newsletters, websites and social media
  • Representing the company at events such as press launches, news conferences, exhibitions, open days and sponsorship
  • Developing good working relationships with the media
  • Arranging for advertising or promotional films to be produced
  • Public speaking at presentations, conferences, or radio and TV interviews

Key skills for public relations officers

  • Excellent communication skills both orally and in writing
  • Excellent interpersonal skills
  • Good IT skills
  • Presentation skills
  • Initiative
  • Ability to priorities and plan effectively
  • Awareness of different media agendas
  • Creativity
  • Teamwork
  • Problem solving
  • Patience
  • Time management
  • Customer service
  • Interpersonal skills

Roles played by the Public relation Officer in Hotel/Hospitality Industry:

Public relations executives are responsible for handling all aspects of planned publicity campaigns and Public Relation (PR) activities.

Tasks includes:

  1. Planning publicity strategies and campaigns for high seasons, such as holidays and summer travel.
  2. Writing and producing presentations and press releases in the market to attract the
  3. Dealing with enquiries from the public, the press, and related organizations.
  4. Organising and attending promotional events such as press conferences, open days, exhibitions, tours and visits.
  5. Speaking publicly at interviews, press conferences and presentations.
  6. Providing clients with information about new promotional opportunities and current PR campaigns progress.
  7. Analysing budget covered for media coverage.
  8. commissioning or undertaking relevant market research
  9. Communicate with clients, managerial and journalistic staff about budgets, timescales and objectives.
  10. Maintaining good relations with the media and public and employees.
  11. Arranging for advertising or promotional films to be produced to attract the guests.
  12. Plans creative initiatives to drive what’s missing during off seasons.
    1. What are the principles of Communication?

Principles of Effective Communication – Clarity in Ideas, Appropriate Language, Attention, Consistency, Adequacy, Proper Time, Informality, Feedback and a Few Others

The chief purpose of communication is the exchange of ideas among various people working in the organisation. The process of communication should be helpful in an effective exchange of information. The remedies for the removal of barriers in communication also point towards effective communication.

An effective communication system is based on the following principles:

(1) Principle of Clarity in Ideas:

First of all it should be clear in the mind of the sender as to what he wants to say. According to Terry the principle of effective communication is ‘first to fully inform oneself.’ The clearer the thought the more effective is the communication.

 (2) Principle of Appropriate Language:

According to this principle, the communication should always be in a simple language. Ideas should be clear and be devoid of any doubt. Technical words and words having various meanings should be used to the minimum.

(3) Principle of Attention:

The purpose of communication is that the receiver of information should clearly understand its meaning. It means merely transferring information is not communication and it is important that the receiver should understand it. This is possible only when the receiver takes interest in the message and listens to it attentively.

(4) Principle of Consistency:

According to this principle, communication system should maintain consistency in the objectives of the enterprise, its procedures and processes. It means communication should be in accordance with the policies laid down for it.

(5) Principle of Adequacy:

The information sent to the receiver should be sufficient and complete in every respect. Information more than the need or less than the need is harmful. In the context of business incomplete information is dangerous. The sufficiency of information depends on the ability of the receiver. If the receiver happens to be capable more information can be given with the help of a few words. On the contrary, in case of a less capable receiver more details are needed.

(6) Principle of Proper Time:

The messages should reach the receiver whenever they are needed. Late messages are meaningless and the utility of communication is ended. Hence, the message should be sent before the actual need keeping in mind the time required for communication.

(7) Principle of Informality:

Formal communication has a prominent place among the channels of communication but informal communication is not less important. There are some problems which cannot be solved with formal communication but informal communication does succeed in solving them. Therefore, informal communication should also be given recognition in the organisation.

(8) Principle of Feedback:

It is essential for the sender of the message that he should know about the success of the message. It means that he should see whether the receiver has understood the message or not. Feedback is easily obtained in a face to face communication with the help of the facial reactions of the receiver. In the written communication the sender can get the feedback by using appropriate means.

(9) Principle of Integration:

Communication should be able to introduce all the employees in the enterprise with its objectives so that all the employees move unitedly towards the goal.

(10) Principle of Consultation:

The suggestions of all the persons concerned should be invited while making plans for communication. The obvious benefit of such a move will be that all those who are invited while making plans for communication and taken into confidence will contribute to the success of the communication system. Planning for communication aims at determining as to when, how and through what medium communication is to be done among people working at different levels.

 (11) Principle of Flexibility:

Communication system should be able to absorb the changes in the organisation. A communication system that cannot absorb changes according to the need becomes meaningless.

(12) Principle of Economy:

Communication system should not be unnecessarily costly. As far as possible unnecessary messages should be reduced to the minimum to make communication economical. No single employee should be burdened with the work of communication.

(13) Principle of Proper Medium:

In order to make communication effective it is necessary not only to have clarity of ideas, consistency and completeness but also to make a proper choice of medium. For example- the managers should make use of oral communication for individual communication and written communication for policy matters.

Effective communication means communication free from barriers. Though ideal communication free from all barriers is seldom achieved, communicators should acquire communication skills and enhance effectiveness of their communication.

  • Explain a. Elevator etiquettes b. Travel Etiquettes

 7C’s of Effective Communication

The characteristics or principles of effective communication are for ensuring a productive communication. The major characteristics are as follows –

  • Completeness of the Message

Communication must be complete so that better decision-making will be taken by the latter. It develops and enhances the relationship.

  • Clearness and Integrity of the Message

The message to be conveyed or sent must have clarity and integrity for better understanding. Clarity of thoughts and ideas enhances the meaning of the message. The pith and substance of the message should be based on honesty and accuracy.

  • Conciseness of the Message

The intended message must be free from verbosity and should be so written that it is intelligible at the first sight. Short and intelligible message sent to the receiver is ever appealing and comprehensible. It saves time and cost as it is understood at the first instance.

  • Consideration of Physical Setting and the Recipient

In order to make communication more effective, the overall physical setting, i.e., the media of communication and the work environment, must be considered. The content of the message must take into account the attitude, knowledge, and position of the recipient.

  • Clarity of the Message

The message should have clarity of thoughts and ideas in order to be understood clearly. Clear message makes use of exact, appropriate and concrete words and symbols.

  • Courtesy to be Maintained

The sender’s message should be so drafted or prepared that it should be polite, reflective, and enthusiastic. It must show the sender’s respect for the receiver and be positive and focused at the receiver.

  • Correctness of the Message

The drafting of the message should be done in such a manner that the final message doesn’t have any grammatical errors and repetitions of sentences. The message should be exact, correct and well-timed.

  • Write a letter to the H.R manager, Taj Krishna enquiring about vacancies for a chef and sons-chef.

16. What are the different communication Mediums? Explain in detail

Definition: The Communication is a two-way process wherein the message in the form of ideas, thoughts, feelings, opinions is transmitted between two or more persons with the intent of creating a shared understanding.

                   “Communication is the process by which information is transmitted between individuals and/or organizations so that an understanding response results”.

According to Newman and Summer,

                     “It is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons”.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION:

Communication is widely divided into Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Verbal Communication:

Verbal communication entails the use of words in delivering the intended message. The two major forms of verbal communication include written and oral communication.

Written Communication:
Written communication includes traditional pen and paper letters and documents, typed electronic documents, e-mails, text chats, SMS and anything else conveyed through written symbols such as language. This type of communication is indispensable for formal business communications and issuing legal instructions.

Communication forms that predominantly use written communication include handbooks, brochures, contracts, memos, press releases, formal business proposals, and the like. The effectiveness of written communication depends on the writing style, grammar, vocabulary, and clarity.

Oral Communication:
The other form of verbal communication is the spoken word, either face-to-face or through phone, voice chat, video conferencing or any other medium. Various forms of informal communications such as the grapevine or informal rumor mill, and formal communications such as lectures, conferences are forms of oral communication. Oral communication finds use in discussions and causal and informal conversations. The effectiveness of oral conversations depends on the clarity of speech, voice modulation, pitch, volume, speed, and even non-verbal communications such as body language and visual cues.

Verbal communication makes the process of conveying thoughts easier and faster, and it remains the most successful form of communication. Yet, this makes up only seven percent of all human communication!

Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal communication entails communicating by sending and receiving wordless messages. These messages usually reinforce verbal communication, but they can also convey thoughts and feelings on their own.

Types of Non-Verbal Communication:

A. Facial Expressions

Facial expressions are responsible for a huge proportion of nonverbal communication. Consider how much information can be conveyed with a smile or a frown. The look on a person’s face is often the first thing we see, even before we hear what they have to say.

While nonverbal communication and behavior can vary dramatically between cultures, the facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, and fear are similar throughout the world.

B.  Gestures

Deliberate movements and signals are an important way to communicate meaning without words. Common gestures include waving, pointing, and using fingers to indicate numeric amounts. Other gestures are arbitrary and related to culture.

C. Paralinguistic

Paralinguistic refers to vocal communication that is separate from actual language. This includes factors such as tone of voice, loudness, inflection and pitch. Consider the powerful effect that tone of voice can have on the meaning of a sentence. When said in a strong tone of voice, listeners might interpret approval and enthusiasm. The same words said in a hesitant tone of voice might convey disapproval and a lack of interest.

Consider all the different ways simply changing your tone of voice might change the meaning of a sentence. A friend might ask you how you are doing, and you might respond with the standard “I’m fine,” but how you actually say those words might reveal a tremendous amount of how you are really feeling.

A cold tone of voice might suggest that you are actually not fine, but you don’t wish to discuss it. A bright, happy tone of voice will reveal that you are actually doing quite well. A somber, downcast tone would indicate that you are the opposite of fine and that perhaps your friend should inquire further.

D.  Body Language and Posture

Posture and movement can also convey a great deal on information. Research on body language has grown significantly since the 1970’s, but popular media have focused on the over-interpretation of defensive postures, arm-crossing, and leg-crossing. While these nonverbal behaviors can indicate feelings and attitudes, research suggests that body language is far more subtle and less definitive that previously believed.

E. Proxemics

People often refer to their need for “personal space,” which is also an important type of nonverbal communication. The amount of distance we need and the amount of space we perceive as belonging to us is influenced by a number of factors including social norms, cultural expectations, situational factors, personality characteristics, and level of familiarity. For example, the amount of personal space needed when having a casual conversation with another person usually varies between 18 inches to four feet. On the other hand, the personal distance needed when speaking to a crowd of people is around 10 to 12 feet.

F. Eye Gaze

The eyes play an important role in nonverbal communication and such things as looking, staring and blinking are important nonverbal behaviors. When people encounter people or things that they like, the rate of blinking increases and pupils dilate. Looking at another person can indicate a range of emotions including hostility, interest, and attraction.

People also utilize eye gaze a means to determine if someone is being honest. Normal, steady eye contact is often taken as a sign that a person is telling the truth and is trustworthy. Shifty eyes and an inability to maintain eye contact, on the other hand, is frequently seen as an indicator that someone is lying or being deceptive.

 

G. Haptics

Communicating through touch is another important nonverbal behavior. There has been a substantial amount of research on the importance of touch in infancy and early childhood. Researchers have found that high-status individuals tend to invade other people’s personal space with greater frequency and intensity than lower-status individuals. Sex differences also play a role in how people utilize touch to communicate meaning. Women tend to use touch to convey care, concern, and nurturance. Men, on the other hand, are more likely to use touch to assert power or control over others.

H. Appearance

Our choice of color, clothing, hairstyles, and other factors affecting appearance are also considered a means of nonverbal communication. Research on psychology has demonstrated that different colors can evoke different moods. Appearance can also alter physiological reactions, judgments, and interpretations. Just think of all the subtle judgments you quickly make about someone based on his or her appearance. These first impressions are important, which is why experts suggest that job seekers dress appropriately for interviews with potential employers.

Researchers have found that appearance can play a role in how people are perceived and even how much they earn. One 1996 study found that attorneys who were rated as more attractive than their peers earned nearly 15 percent more than those ranked as less attractive. Culture is an important influence on how appearances are judged. While thinness tends to be valued in Western cultures, some African cultures relate full-figured bodies to better health, wealth, and social status.

I. Silence

Silence, or the lack of sound, is a form of nonverbal communication as well. Silence can communicate a lack of understanding or even hard feelings in a face-to-face discussion.

17. Discuss different ways to create and maintain a Positive Attitude.

A positive attitude is an optimistic way of thinking about the world. People with a positive attitude improve the lives of themselves and others around them with their hard work, good humor, and caring nature.

Benefits Of Positive Attitude

  • It helps you achieve goals and attain success.
  • It brings more happiness into your life.
  • It provides more energy
  • Positive attitude increases your faith in your abilities and brings hope for a brighter future.
  • You will be able to inspire and motivate yourself and others.
  • You encounter fewer obstacles and difficulties in your daily life.
  • You get more respect and love from people.
  • Life smiles at you.

Here are a few tips to help you develop and maintain a positive outlook. 

1. Surround yourself with other positive people

Your friends have a big influence on your mindset. Would you rather be around people with a negative attitude who love to complain? Or would you rather be surrounded by vibrant, happy people who lift you up? 

Positive people’s emotions rub off on you and inspire you to maintain a positive attitude and become a better version of yourself. 

2. Do the Inner Work

To maintain a positive mental attitude, you have to do the work — Inner Work, that is. Inner Work™ means reflecting on your inner world so you can relate to the outer world better. This can be achieved through breathing exercises, journaling, or reflecting on your actions. 

Looking inward has many benefits. Better relationships with colleagues, increased confidence, and better decision-making are only a few. 

3. Practice visualization

A positive mindset attracts positive circumstances. Visualization is a powerful technique that helps you achieve your goals using only your mind. 

All you need to do is imagine the best possible outcome in any situation and feel the positive emotion of having achieved it. Successful athletes like LeBron James and Katie Ledecky use this technique to achieve their athletic goals. 

4. Meditate

To develop and maintain a positive state of mind, you need to learn how to keep your negative thoughts from controlling you. 

Daily meditation helps you let go of negative emotions like worry, fear, and anxiety, and it trains your mind to be grounded in the present moment. 

18. What is speaking skills? Explain in detail.

Speaking skills are defined as the skills which allow us to communicate effectively. They give us the ability to convey information verbally and in a way that the listener can understand.

Speaking can be formal or informal:

  • Informal speaking is typically used with family and friends, or people you know well.
  • Formal speaking occurs in business or academic situations, or when meeting people for the first time.

Purpose of Speech

Generally there are three purposes of speech:

  1. To inform or instruct
  2. To persuade
  3. To entertain

Four elements of speaking skills

Importance Of Speaking Skill

  1. It is very valuable at the workplace
  2. It helps to progress in career
  3. One can talk concisely
  4. Create good relationships with customers
  5. Improvise your professional image
  6. Highly skilled contacts make more  money
  7. Boosts Good contacts & have high self-respect
  8. It plays top property for successful career
  9. It is helpful to develop leadership skills
  10. Public speaking is one of the most in-demand skills of the digital world.

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